Upgrade to Microsoft Edge to take advantage of the latest features, security updates, and technical support. Table names must follow the rules for identifiers. Creates the new table as a FileTable. You do not specify columns because a FileTable has a fixed schema. For more information, see FileTables. The column is computed from an expression that uses other columns in the same table. The expression can be a noncomputed column name, constant, function, variable, and any combination of these connected by one or more operators.

The expression cannot be a subquery or contain alias data types. Each row in a table can have different values for columns that are involved in a computed column; therefore, the computed column may not have the same value for each row. Based on the expressions that are used, the nullability of computed columns is determined automatically by the Database Engine. The result of most expressions is considered nullable even if only nonnullable columns are present, because possible underflows or overflows also produce NULL results.

For more information, see Indexes on Computed Columns. If filegroup is specified, the table is stored in the named filegroup. The filegroup must exist within the database. If “default” is specified, or if ON is not specified at all, the table is stored on the default filegroup. These constraints create indexes. If filegroup is specified, the index is stored in the named filegroup. If “default” is specified, or if ON is not specified at all, the index is stored in the same filegroup as the table.

In this context, default is not a keyword. It is an identifier for the default filegroup and must be delimited, as in ON “default” or ON [ default ]. This is the default setting. This can improve concurrency by enabling locks to escalate to partition HoBT level instead of the table. Varchar max , nvarchar max , varbinary max , xml and large UDT values are stored directly in the data row, up to a limit of 8, bytes and as long as the value can fit the record.

If the value does not fit in the record, a pointer is stored in-row and the rest is stored out of row in the LOB storage space. This partition scheme must use the same partition function and partition columns as the partition scheme for the table; otherwise, an error is raised. For disk-based tables, the data type can be one of the following:. For more information about valid precision values, see Precision, Scale, and Length.

For more information about valid scale values, see Precision, Scale, and Length. Only a constant value, such as a character string; a scalar function either a system, user-defined, or CLR function ; or NULL can be used as a default. Must be supported in natively compiled stored procedures. When a new row is added to the table, the Database Engine provides a unique, incremental value for the column.

Only one identity column can be created per table. Both the seed and increment or neither must be specified. If neither is specified, the default is 1,1. If this clause is specified for a constraint, the constraint is not enforced when replication agents perform insert, update, or delete operations. Specifies a column used by the system to automatically record information about row versions in the table and its history table if the table is system versioned and has a history table.

For more information, see updateable ledger tables and temporal tables. If you attempt to specify a column that does not meet the above data type or nullability requirements, the system will throw an error.

By default, period columns are not hidden. In order to be used, hidden columns must be explicitly included in all queries that directly reference the temporal table. Specifies to create an index on the table. This can be a clustered index, or a nonclustered index. The index will contain the columns listed, and will sort the data in either ascending or descending order.

Specifies to store the entire table in columnar format with a clustered columnstore index. This always includes all columns in the table. The data is not sorted in alphabetical or numeric order since the rows are organized to gain columnstore compression benefits.

Specifies to create a nonclustered columnstore index on the table. The underlying table can be a rowstore heap or clustered index, or it can be a clustered columnstore index. In all cases, creating a nonclustered columnstore index on a table stores a second copy of the data for the columns in the index.

The nonclustered columnstore index is stored and managed as a clustered columnstore index. It is called a nonclustered columnstore index to because the columns can be limited and it exists as a secondary index on a table. This restriction allows the Database Engine to verify uniqueness of key values within a single partition only. When you partition a non-unique, clustered index, the Database Engine by default adds the partitioning column to the list of clustered index keys, if it is not already specified.

When partitioning a non-unique, nonclustered index, the Database Engine adds the partitioning column as a non-key included column of the index, if it is not already specified. You cannot specify a partitioning scheme on an XML index. If the base table is partitioned, the XML index uses the same partition scheme as the table. For more information about partitioning indexes, Partitioned Tables and Indexes. If no location is specified and the table or view is not partitioned, the index uses the same filegroup as the underlying table or view.

The filegroup must already exist. ON “default” Creates the specified index on the default filegroup. The term default, in this context, is not a keyword. It is an identifier for the default filegroup and must be delimited, as in ON “default” or ON [default]. Otherwise, an error is raised. Using deterministic encryption allows searching using equality comparison, grouping, and joining tables using equality joins based on encrypted values, but can also allow unauthorized users to guess information about encrypted values by examining patterns in the encrypted column.

Joining two tables on columns encrypted deterministically is only possible if both columns are encrypted using the same column encryption key. Deterministic encryption must use a column collation with a binary2 sort order for character columns. Randomized encryption uses a method that encrypts data in a less predictable manner. Randomized encryption is more secure, but it prevents any computations and indexing on encrypted columns, unless your SQL Server instance supports Always Encrypted with secure enclaves.

Please see Always Encrypted with secure enclaves for details. If you are using Always Encrypted without secure enclaves , use deterministic encryption for columns that will be searched with parameters or grouping parameters, for example a government ID number. Use randomized encryption, for data such as a credit card number, which is not grouped with other records or used to join tables, and which is not searched for because you use other columns such as a transaction number to find the row which contains the encrypted column of interest.

If you are using Always Encrypted with secure enclaves, randomized encryption is a recommended encryption type. For more information including feature constraints, see Always Encrypted. The storage of sparse columns is optimized for null values. For additional restrictions and more information about sparse columns, see Use Sparse Columns. Specifies a dynamic data mask.

Four functions are available:. For function parameters, see Dynamic Data Masking. Valid only for varbinary max columns. Collation name can be either a Windows collation name or an SQL collation name. If not specified, the column is assigned either the collation of the user-defined data type, if the column is of a user-defined data type, or the default collation of the database. Constraint names must be unique within the schema to which the table belongs. For this constraint to execute, the foreign key columns must be nullable.

For this constraint to execute, all foreign key columns must have default definitions. If a column is nullable, and there is no explicit default value set, NULL becomes the implicit default value of the column.

For example, in the AdventureWorks database, the ProductVendor table has a referential relationship with the Vendor table. The ProductVendor. BusinessEntityID foreign key references the Vendor.

BusinessEntityID primary key. If any exist, the dependent rows in the ProductVendor table are deleted, and also the row referenced in the Vendor table.

For example, in the AdventureWorks database, the ProductVendor table has a referential relationship with the Vendor table: ProductVendor. BusinessEntity foreign key references the Vendor. If any exist, the dependent rows in the ProductVendor table are updated, and also the row referenced in the Vendor table.

CHECK Is a constraint that enforces domain integrity by limiting the possible values that can be entered into a column or columns. Alias data types cannot be part of the expression. The default is ASC. The partition scheme must exist within the database. Doing this makes sure that any CHECK constraints on partitioning columns do not have to check for null values.

User-specified fillfactor values can be from 1 through

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